Chapter 28: The Second World War

 Chapter 28: The Second World War

  • Policies pre-WWII

    • Isolationism

    • “Policy of the good neighbour”

    • No nation “has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another”

    • U.S. troops leave Nicaragua and Haiti

    • (1934) Cuba and U.S. dissolved the Platt Amendment


Foreign Crises

  • Italy, Germany, Japan, and Spain pre-war

    • Fascists bent on foreign conquest

    • (1922) Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy

    • Fascism → use of violence as a political tool

    • Germany 

      • Adolf Hitler

      • National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) party

      • Absolute power in 1934

      • Brown-shirted “storm troopers”

    • Japan

      • (1934) Five-Power treaty

      • Wanted to control Asia

    • Italy aides Ethiopia

    • Hitler violated Versailles Treaty and builds an army and sent troops to Rhineland

    • Spain → (1936) Spanish Civil War (General Francisco Franco + troops + Roman Catholic Church vs government)

    • Japan → 

      • Invades China (Nanjing and Marco Polo Bridge)

      • Rape of Nanjing

    • The Axis (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo)

  • France and Britain’s reaction

    • “Appease” Hitler by signing the Munich Pact on 30 September 1938 (gave Czechoslavakia to Germany)

    • Winston Churchill → new prime minister of Britain

  • U.S. Reaction

    • Deepening their commitment to isolationism

    • Neutrality Act of 1935

      • prohibited Americans from traveling on ships owned by nations at war

      • Forbade sale of arms and munitions to any belligerent nation

    • (1936) revision forbid loans to nations at war

    • Neutrality Act of 1937 → goods other than arms or munitions exported to warring nations be sold on cash and carry basis (Nations pay and ship goods in their own ships)

    • Sinking of Panay

    • Roosevelt (October 1937) → “quarantine the aggressors”


War Clouds

  • Poland

    • Hitler (23 August 1939) signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (divide Europe amongst them)

    • (1 September 1939) German troops invade Poland

    • Britain and France can send their own freighters to buy military supplies

    • Nation → “be as un-neutral as possible without joining the war”


The Storm in Europe

  • Blitzkrieg

    • Sitzkrieg → Sitting war

    • Blitzkrig → lighting war

    • Carefully coordinated and planned German attacks

    • (9 April) Denmark fell in one day

    • Norway within a few weeks

    • (10 May) Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands (Holland)

    • (21 May) evacuates French army to Britain

    • (14 June 1940) Nazi swastika flag flew over Paris

  • Debate over America’s Role

    • Roosevelt calls for the build-up of a U.S. Army after Hitler prepared to do air raids on Britain

    • National Defense Research Committee → coordinate military research

    • Albert Einstein

    • The Manhattan Project

    • British Royal Air Force fends off German bombers (the Blitz)

    • U.S. gives 50 overaged U.S. destroyers to Britain for U.S. to buid bases on British Caribbean islands

    • (16 September) all 16 million men (21-35 years old)

  • 1940 Election

    • Wendell L. Willkie (Republican) of Indiana vs Roosevelt (Democrat)

    • FDR wins 27 million or 499 votes to Willkie’s 82 votes

  • U.S.’s help

    • Lend-lease bill → (10 January 1941) president can lend or lease military equipment to countries vital for U.S. protection

    • (April  1941) U.S. helps deter German submarines

    • Atlantic Charter → once Nazi’s defeated victors will promote self-determination

    • Sinking of Kearny and Reuben James ⇒ repeal of Neutrality Act of 1939


The Storm in the Pacific

  • Japan

    • Export Control Act of 2 July 1940 → authorized the president to restrict the export of munitions and other strategic materials to Japan

    • (27 September 1940) Tokyo government signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy

    • (13 April 1941) Japan signs the non-aggression Act with the Soviet Union

    • (July 1941) Japan announces that it was gonna take over French Indochina

    • Roosevelt → froze all Japanese assets in the US, restricted oil exports to Japan, and merged the U.S. army and Filipino army under General Douglas MacArthur

  • Pearl Harbor

    • (August 1941) Prime Minister Kanoe proposed a meeting with FDR

    • (6 September) Japanese military leaders approve a surprise attack on U.S. bases in Hawaii

    • (15 October) Kanoe resigns → (16 October) Tōjō is the new Prime minister

    • Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, “All or nothing”

    • (7 December 1941) Japanese planes bomb Pearl Harbor

    • Missed aircraft carriers

    • Silenced America’s debate on neutrality


At World War

  • The Pacific

    • Japan captured numerous Allied outposts by end of December 1941 → Guam, Wake Islands, Gilbert Islands, and Hong Kong

    • Philippines 

      • surrendered to Japan in 1941

      • Bataan death march ( → outraged Americans)

      • U.S. raid on Tokyo on 18 April 1942 → B-25 bombers took off from the Hornet and landed in China after dropping bombs over Tokyo (The Doolittle Raid)

      • The Battle of the Coral Sea (7-8 May 1942) stopped Japanese fleets from going to New Guinea

      • Battle of Midway (Americans succeed from code breakers) → (4 June 1942) first Japanese naval defeat in 350 years.


Mobilization at Home

  • Mobilization

    • (18 December 1941) War Powers Act → gave president authority to reorganize and create government agencies to regulate corporations

    • Men between 18-45 years old are drafted for war

    • Automobil companies began making tanks and planes

    • Revenue Act of 1942 (Victory Tax) tax ↑ and number of taxpayers ↑

    • Federal government got bigger

    • Unemployment ↓

    • Rations

    • Office of Price Administration set price ceilings, government seized industries because of strikes

    • Dismantle of non-important New Deal Agencies → WPA, NYA, CCC, and NRPB


Social Effects of the War

  • Social effects

    • Far West experience the fasted rate of urban growth

    • African-Americans move west for work

    • 60 new army camps in the south

    • South gains from demand of military uniforms

    • Rural population ↓

    • Women’s Army Corps (WAC)

    • Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)

    • Women also join the Marine Corps, Coast Guard, and Army Air Force

    • Racism didn’t end

    • (1941) A. Philip Randolph planned a march to end racial discrimination in the military

    • JOw Louis, “lots of things wrong, but Hitler won't fix it”

    • Tuskegee Airmen

    • The Double V campaign

    • Bracero → Mexicans can work in the U.S.

    • Zoot - suitors → American - Mexican gang

    • Native Americans work as code talkers → mainly Navajos

    • Japanese people moved to internment camps

    • Nisei → people of Japanese descent

    • Executive order 9066


The Allied Drive toward Berlin

  • Europe

    • Nazis and Soviets age horrible wars using violence

    • Stalin wants Britain and America to create a 2nd form for relief

    • (8 November 1942) Dwight D. Eisenhower lands in Morrocco and Algeria, Britain lands in Libya, U.S.A. also fighting Tunisia

    • (12 May 1943) Allies have North Africa after German and Italian troops surrender

    • Casablanca Conference → Churchill and Roosevelt  spend 8 days to plan it’s invasion of Sicily and Italy

    • Churchill also decides to give Soviets and Chinese nationalists more supplies

    • Waiting for “unconditional surrender”

    • Battle of the Atlantic → u boats

    • (1942) allies decipher German Naval Codes

    • Sonar and Radar help locate u-boats

    • (10 July 1943) troops land in Sicily

    • (14 August) Mussolini is arresested

    • (17 August) Nazi bust Mussolini and created North Italy fascist

    • (4 June 1944) Allies enter Rome

    • Italy offers to fight for the Allies

  • Tehran Meeting: (1943) Allie leaders meet in Iran to discuss a second front and creation of United Nations

  • D-day 

    • (6 June 1944)

    • Operation overlord → daring assault on Hitler’s Atlantic Wall

    • Almost failed

    • (15 August) German resistance collapsed and a division of the French Assistance is free

    • (26 August) Paris liberated

    • By mid-September France and Belgium free


Leapfrogging to Tokyo

  • Pacific strategy

    • Island hopping

    • Japan has New Guinea ad Guadalcanal

    • Battle fo Leyte Gulf (25 October 1944) → largest naval engagement

    • Japanese Kamikaze attacks (means divine wind)


A New Age is Born

  • End of Europe War

    • FDR is the president for a 4th term

    • Yalta Conference (4-11 February 1945)

    • Poland has a communist regime in Lublin

    • Soviets to fight Japan

    • Nazi empire falls and Hitler suicides with his mistress Eva Braun

    • (2 May) Berlin fell to the Soviets

    • (7 May) Allies (France) and Germany sign a treaty of unconditional surrender

    • Potsdam Declaration

  • Yalta conference: getting soviets to fight Japan

  • German “final solution:

    • Germany’s problem is due to the Jews, concentration camps

    • Dachau

    • Roosevelt and the War Refugee Board

    • Auschwitz

  • Pacific side

    • Iwo Jima Island and Okinawa Island

    • Bomb raids over Japan (9 March → 300 B-29 bombers drop bombs on Tokyo)

  • Atomic Bomb

    • (25 July 1945) Truman, “Japan surrender by 3 August or Atomic Bomb”

    • Enola Gay takes Little Boy over Hiroshima

    • Fat man drops on Nagasaki

    • Tokyo surrenders on 14 August 1945


Final Ledger

  • Impact on U.S.

    • Costly, but little compared to others

    • U.S. becomes the “leader of the free world”

    • Ended the Great Depression

    • New government Employees

    • New Technology

    • New opportunities for minorities

    • Isolationism evaporates



Chapter 29

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