Chapter 29: The Fair Deal and Containment

 Chapter 29: The Fair Deal and Containment

Demobilization Under Truman

  • Truman

    • Born in Western Missouri

    • Moved in with his grandmother

    • Worked in Kansas City Banks

    • Outgoing young man

    • WWI - captain of an artillery battery in France

    • Clothing business

    • Professional politician in Kansas City’s Democratic Machine

    • Missouri sent him to Senate

    • Nearsighted and a clumsy speaker

  • Transitions

    • Wartime ended the depression

    • Cold War and the rebuilding of Europe and Asia

    • (6 September 1945) Truman sent congress a proposal that expanded unemployment insurance

    • V-J day resulted in a rapid demobilization

    • (1947) armed forces goes from 12 million to 1.5 million

    • Baby boom

    • Several shock absorbers cushioned the economic impact of demobilization → unemployment insurance, social security, and the GI bill

    • Inflation

    • Coal and railroad industry

    • Strikes

    • Taft-Hartley Labor Act of 1947 prohibited closed shops (non-union members can’t be hired) and permitted union shops (workers must join a union) unless banned by state law

    • Truman vetos the bill restoring Democrat liking, but bill still passed

    • (1947) National Security Act → created a National Military Establishment headed by the secretary of defense with subcabinet Department of the Army, Navy, the Airforce, the National Security Council, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)


The Cold War

  • United Nations (UN)

    • FDR focused on a security organization (United Nations)

    • (24 April 1945) delegates from 50 nations met to charter the United Nations

    • Annual meetings

    • Security Council always in session

    • 6 members (2 years terms) + 5 permanent members

  • Differences

    • U.S. (Truman) → adopted an aggressive and confrontational policy that wanted to create American spheres of influence

    • Soviets violated the Yalta Conference promise of democratic elections

    • Winston Churchill → “iron curtain”

    • Secretary of State James F. Byrnes struggle with post-war treaties

    • Democracy in Eastern Europe is like the Open Door Policy in China

    • Byrnes irritated Soviet diplomats with the atomic bomb

    • Soviets developed their own

  • Containment

    • George F. Kennan

    • Contain Soviet expansion

    • Soviets pressure Turkey for the Bosporus (important gateway between Black Sea and the Mediterranean

    • (1946) Civil War in Greece

    • (21 February 1947) Britain withdraws from Greece is announced

  • Truman Doctrine

    • Support people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures

    • (1947) Greek-Turkish aid bill to help Turkey achieve economic stability and enable Greece to defeat communist insurrection in 1947

    • Bernard Baruch (South Carolina legislature) → “Cold War”

  • Marshall plan

    • (1947) George Mashall

    • Offer U.S. aid to all European countries including the U.S.S.R

    • (December 1947) Truman submitted the plan for the European Recovery Program to a special session of congress

    • (1948-1951) Economic Corporation Administration poured $13 billion into economic recovery efforts in Europe

  • Germany

    • Berlin was separated, but it was within Soviet (East Germany) boundaries

    • Soviets blockade West Berlin to try getting all of Berlin

    • 11 months long Berlin Airlift

    • General Lucius D. Clay → proposed to stand strong and break the blockade

    • Federal Republic of Germany under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (West) and German Democratic Republic arose in the Soviet zone

  • Alliances

    • (4 April 1949) Northern Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with U.S.

    • Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal

    • (1952) Greece and Turkey

    • (1955) West Germany

    • (1982) Spain

    • (1948) Palestine into a Jewish and Israeli state

    • Israel joins the UN in 1949


Civil Rights during the 1940s

  • Civil Rights

    • Harry S. Truman wanted to promote Civil Rights

    • Committee on Civil Rights

    • (26 July 1948) ban racial segregation in the armed forces

    • Jackie Robinson was signed with the Brooklyn Dodgers in April of 1947

  • Fair Deal

    • Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace ~ “America tougher = Russia tougher”

    • Turman wanted to ensure civil rights

    • Health insurance

    • Raise minimum wage

    • All Americans get equal rights

    • Square Deal → (Teddy Roosevelt) Conservation of natural resources, control corporations, and consumer protection

    • New Deal → relief, recovery, and reform (FDR)

  • Election of 1948

    • Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) v Henry S. Truman (Democrat)

    • Liberal Democrats commend Truman for his courageous stand on the Civil Rights issue

    • Strom Thurmond creates the Dixiecrats to help split Democratic votes

    • Thurmon not a Truman fan

    • Henry A. Wallace heads a new Progressive Party

    • Truman ~ “I don’t give’em hell. I just tell the truth…”

    • Tons of Black voters vote for Truman

    • Truman wins


The Cold War Heats Up

  • China

    • Chinese Nationalist led by Chian Kai-shek loses to Mao Zedong (Communist)

    • Nationalists flee to Formosa (Taiwan)

  • Korea

    • Soviets in the North and U.S. in the South

    • Divided by the 38th parallel

    • North Korea crosses into South Korea

    • South Korea retaliated under General Douglas MacArthur

    • UN announced “war”

    • South Korea decides to claim all and enter North Korea (Inch’ŏn)

    • China enters and pushes it south (Chinese Red Army)

    • General Mattew B. Ridgeway counterattacks and pushes back to the 38th parallel

    • MacArthur → “Mr. Prima Donna”

    • (24 June 1951) Ceasefire at the 38th parallel

    • 2.5-mile demilitarized zone

  • At Home

    • House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) only loyal workers in the federal government

    • Alger Hiss president of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Whittaker Chambers

    • Hiss convicted by Chambers over a microchip

    • Smith Act of 1940 where 11 leaders were convicted of being communist

    • British Spy network (gave Soviets bomb info) →Klaus Fuch and Julius & Ethel Rosenburg

    • Joseph R. McCarthy → fear-mongering, McCarran Internal Security Act → put government in thought control, McCarthy's witch hunt




Chapter 30

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