Chapter 24: America and the Great War

 Chapter 24: America and the Great War

  • America’s isolation: The Atlantic Ocean


Wilson and Foreign Affairs

  • Wilson’s views: didn’t want to get America involved

  • Mexico

    • Revolutions

    • Reformer Francisco Madero overthrown and murdered by chief of staff General Victoriano Huerto (1913)

  • U.S. response to Mexico

    • U.S. warships off Veracruz

    • 9 April 1914 U.S. ships strayed into restricted seas and got arrested then released

    • Wilson sends troops on shore

  • How Mexican’s felt: aroused all factions against the U.S. 

  • Francisco Pancho Villa

    • Bickering between factions → civil war

    • Largest was led by Pancho Villa

    • Seized trains and murdered many Americans (on U.S. soil) to trigger U.S. intervention

    • Wilson send John J. Pershing to chanse Pancho Villa (which fails by the way)

  • Dollar Diplomacy

    • Practiced in the Taft administration

    • U.S. bankers aid debt plagued government in Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua

  • American involvement in Latin/Caribbean America

    • Wilson sends U.S. Marines to Nicaragua

    • 2 more marines to Haiti

    • U.S. troops stay til 1933 (Nicaragua) and 1934 (Haiti)

    • U.S. marines in the Dominican Republic from 1916-1924

    • Lead to Latin Americans hating the U.S.


An Uneasy Neutrality

  • How WWI started

    • Festering imperial rivalries between Austro-Hungary and Serbia

    • Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austrian) killed by a Serbian

    • Central Powers

      • Germany

      • Austro-Hungary

      • Italy

    • Allied Powers

      • France

      • Great Britain

      • Russia

  • Industrial War: decimate the other amry in a prolonged war of attrition until their manpower and resources were exhausted

  • American Response to WWI

    • Neutrality

    • Later when they join it’s as backup for the Allied Powers

  • American economic involvement

    • Gave loans to Britian and France to buy supplied from U.S.

    • Secretary of State Bryan asked for respect and allow neutral nations to continue its commerce

  • U-boat (unterseeboot): submarines

  • Unrestricted German submarine warfare: German’s bombing any ships in the war zone

  • Lusitania

    • Passenger liner sunk by a U-boat

    • Bryan ordered Germans to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare

    • Ship not armed, but it carried rifles and ammunition

    • Thousands of Americans died = uproar

  • Arabic Pledge: Gernmany won’t sink liners without warning and safety of civillians if liners don’t escape or offer resistance

  • Sussex Pledge

    • French boat Sussex bombed killing 2 Americans

    • German pledge to abandon submarine warfare

  • National Defense Act of 1916

    • Expanded the regular army from 90,000 → 175,000 → 223,000

    • National Guard to 440,000

  • Revenue Act of 1926

    • Basic income tax rate from 1% → 2%

    • Surtax to 13%

    • Income of $2 million or more → estate tax

    • 12% tax on munition makers

    • New tax on corporate profits

  • Election of 1916

    • Supreme Court Justice Charles Hughs (Republican) vs Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)

    • Wilson is a better campaigner and wins reelection

  • Zimmerman note: Britain intercepted a message from German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman to Mexican government, asking Mexico to declare war on U.S. in return for recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona

  • Russia in 1917

    • Overthrew Czarist government

    • Communist dictatorship under Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks


America’s Entry into the War

  • Food Administration

    • Herbert Hoover

    • Raise agricultural production while reducing civilian consumption of foodstuffs

    • “Food will win the war”

    • Promoted meatless Tuesday, Wheatles Wednesday, Porkless Saturdays, and Victory Gardens

  • War Industry Board (WIB)

    • Most important mobilization agencies

    • Allocated raw materials, order construction of new plants, and fix prices

  • Immigration during WWI: closed off immigration and moved 4 million men from workforce to armed services → labor shortages

  • Great Migration: people (mainly blacks) move NOrth to urban areas (to find jobs and escape segregation)

  • Racial Tension

    • White workers in the North resented the new arrivals

    • Riots and lynchings

    • St. Louis, Illinois → 40 African-Americans and 9 Whites

    • Chicago, Illinois → 23 African-Americans and 15 whites

    • Whites develop excuses just to terrorize African Americans

  • Women and the war

    • Filled many empty jobs that were vacant due to men getting drafted

    • Traditional ways like fundraising drives, conserved food and war related materials, Red Cross, and army nurses

  • Propoganda: Geroge Creel, head of the Committee on Public Informations, got Wilson into propaganda which influences one’s thoughts on the war (and other things)

  • George Creel

    • Denver Newsman, executive lead of Committee on Public Information

    • Suggested propoganda over censorship

  • Espionage and Sedition Acts

    • Espionage Act of 1917 → impose penalties up to $10,000 and 20 years in prison for anyone aiding the enemy or incite insubordination

    • Sedition Act of 1918 → ended the penalties of those who said or did anything to obstruct government sale of war bonds

  • Schenck v U.S.

    • Reaffirmed the conviction of a man for circulating anti-draft leaflets among members of the armed forces

    • Government will suppress free speech where there is clear danger

    • Justice Oliver Wendall Holmes

  • Abrams v U.S.

    • Upheld the conviction of a man who circulated pamphlets opposing U.S. intervention in Russian to oust the Bolsheviks

    • Publishing of a silly pamplet by a no-body = not dangerous


America at War

  • Vlaimir Lenin

    • Communist

    • Dictator of Russia

    • Saw Russia weak and took his chance

    • Promised peace

    • Pulled Russia from the war

  • Bolsheviks: small and determined sect who believed they were the irresistible vanguard to protect Karl Marx’s change

  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: separate peace between Russian and Germany

  • Wilson’s 14 points

    • Point 1-5 = diplomacy to be openly conducted and nuetral countries can trade uninterrupted

    • Territorial claims (own groups create own countries)

    • Point 13 → independent nation in the poles

    • Point 14 → league of nations

  • 15th Point: end to racial discrimination

  • 11th hour of 11th day of 11th month

    • After 1,563 days of warfare the guns fell silent

    • End of the war


The Fight for Peace

  • Paris Peace Conference (January-June 1919)

    • Big four ⇒

      • Britian → Prime Minister David Lloyd George

      • France → Clemenceau

      • Italy → Vittorio Orlando

      • America → Woodrow Wilson

    • France didn’t like Wilson

    • France wanted to weaken Germany (Britian agrees)

    • Italy focused on getting territories from Austria

  • League of Nations

    • Committed to ensure international stability 

    • Discuss before war

  • Henry Cabot Lodge

    • Roosevelt’s friend

    • Scorned Wilson

    • Powerful chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

    • Said the League of Nations would usurp senate’s constitutional authority to declare war

  • Reparations

    • France → keep Germany weak, impoverished, and seeking revenge

    • Rhineland region → demilitarized

  • “War guilt” clause

    • Germany responsible for war and pays back everything

    • Angered Adolf Hitler

  • Trouble at Home with the Treaty of Versailles

    • Lodge denounced the treaty

    • Loshe edits the Treaty (later)

  • “Irreconcilables”: Sencate roup who refused to support the League of Nations

  • “Reservationists”: larger sentate group who believed in limiting U.S. participation in the league

  • Wilson’s health: (2 October 1919) Wilson suffers a stroke, emotionally unstable


Lurching from War to Peace

  • Spanish flu pandemic: spead rapidly changing modern medicine and killing millions (2x the deaths of WWI)

  • Labor strikes in 1919

    • 4 million workers, 3,600 stikes

    • Wanted higher wages and shorter weeks

    • Seattle denounced 60,000 walkouts as evidence of Bolshevik influence

    • 9 September 1919 → Boston went on strike, Coolidge brings in the National Guard

    • Coolidge → “There is no right to strike against public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime”

  • Race riots of 1919

    • James Weldon Johnson → red summer

    • Whites invade the black section of Longview, Texas over rumors of interracial dating

    • 25 race riots and 80 racial lynchings

  • First Red Scare

    • 2 January 1920 → police raids in dozens of cities issuing arrest warrants

    • Violation of civil liberties

  • Palmer Raids

    • Woodrow Wilson’s attempt to catch and arrested anarchists

    • U.S. Department of Justice



Chapter 25

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