Chapter 25: The Modern Temper

 Chapter 25: The Modern Temper

  • Normalcy

    • Reversion to traditional values

    • Warren G. Harding

  • “Lost generation”

    • A generation that had lost their faith in many of the traditional values

    • F. Scott Fitzgerald

    • Ernest Hemingway

    • Frederic Jenry → “abstract words such as glory… were obscene”


The Reactionary Twenties

  • Nativism: Red Scare of 1919

  • Immigration in the early ‘20s

    • Slow due to the war

    • June 1920-1921 800K+ people came → 65% from southern/eastern Europe

    • ½ of white men and ⅓ of white women were immigrants

  • Sacco and Vanzetti

    • Nicola Sacco → shoemaker

    • Bartolomeo Vanzetti → fish peddler

    • Italian immigrants

    • 5 May 1920 arrested in Boston, Massachusettes for stealing $16,000 and killing the paymaster and a guard

    • Executed on 23 August 1927

  • KKK

    • Nativism revived the KKK

    • 100% Americanism

    • No African Americans, Roman Catholics, Jews, and immigrants

    • Founded by William J. Simmons → “It is a garbage can”

    • Clan thrives in the North (Long Island, New York) and Midwest (Oregon)

  • Fundamentalism: posture of hostility toward another belief

  • William Jennings Bryan

    • Fundamentalist leader, former secretary of state, and 3-time presidential candidate

    • (1921) He promoted state laws to prohibit the teaching of evolution in public schools

    • Denounced Darwin

  • Scopes Monkey Trial

    • John T. Scopes accused of breaking Tennessee’s new law against evolution in the classroom

    • Monthly a bickering between Bryan and Darrow

    • Scopes fined $100

    • Bryan → “dual to the death”

    • 12 days long

  • Clarence Darrow

    • Nation’s most famous trial lawyer

    • Defended Scopes

    • Spent much of his life attacking religious intolerance

    • Goal was to show Bryan’s ignoramus

  • Prohibition

    • Alcoholic beverages outlawed

    • Women’s Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League

    • Failed

  • Volstead Act (1919)

    • Individuals and organizations were allowed to keep and drink liquor owned on by 16 January 1919

    • Medical liquor was still allowed

  • Bootlegging: making of illegal booze

  • President Harding and Prohibition

    • Drank bootleg liquor

    • “Unable to see this as a great moral issue”

  • Speakeasy

    • Illegal bars

    • New York City ≈ 32,000 bars opened during prohibition

  • Organized Crime

    • Rose during prohibition

    • Source of new income

    • Behaved like giant corporations

    • Controlled liquor production

  • “Scarface” Al Capone

    • Connected to 2 murders by 20 years old

    • New York City → Chicago

    • Seized control of the huge illegal business in the city

    • Federal tax evasion

    • Sentenced to 11 years in jail


The “Jazz Age” during the “Roaring Twenties”

  • Roaring Twenties/Jazz Age: urban America confronted an in secular, rural America, and cultural conflict reach a new level

  • Dr. Sigmund Freud: father of psychoanalysis

  • “New women”

    • Supposedly “independent, bright-eyed, alert and alive

    • a young woman eager to gain new freedoms

  • Flapper

    • Skirts were above the knees

    • New feminism

    • Derived from the way women unlocked their galoshes to flap around their ankles

    • Bobbed hair, minimal undergarments, gauzy fabrics, sheer stockings, cigarettes, booze, makeup, and jazz dancing

  • Women’s actual role

    • Attend college

    • Marriage

    • Accounting assistants and department store clerks

    • New jobs for hair stylists, manicurists, and cosmeticians

    • Majority → mothers and wives or household servants

    • Women of color → maids, laundressed, seamstresses, or on farms

  • Racism

    • No interracial marriages allowed

    • Mable Puffer (deemed insane) and Arthur Hazzard (charged on enticement)

  • Great Migration

    • Africans move north

    • 1910-1920 → south lost ≈323,000 African Americans or 5% and by 1930 → another 615,000 or 8%

  • Harlem Renaissance

    • First self-conscious black literacy and artistic movement

    • Grew from New York City’s African American community

    • Harlem had a great African American community

  • New Negro

    • Howard University professor Alain Locke leader of this movement

    • An effort to promote racial equality by celebrating the cultural contributions of African Americans

    • Survey graph’s march issue (Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro) to promote black writers

  • “Found generation”

    • White ⇒ lost

    • African Americans ⇒ found

    • Harlem is the intellectual, cultural, and financial center for African Americans in the U.S.A.

  • Langston Hughs

    • Poet

    • “I am a Negro- and beautiful… the night is beautiful. So the faces of my people.”

    • He is not Africa, he is Chicago and Kansas City and Broadway and Harlam

  • Jazz

    • “Broad spirit of rebellion and spontaneity amongst young Americans” ~ Fitzgerald

    • New Orleans

    • Ingenious synthesis of black rural folk traditions and urban dance entertainment

    • Louis Armstrong

    • Popular amongst all

    • New Dances → the Charleston and the Black Boston

    • Improvisational

  • Marcus Graney

    • Universal Negro Improvement Association

    • Convinced that racial oppression and exploitation were prevalent in most societies around the world

    • Saw all whites as clansmen

    • Believed African Americans must flee America

    • DuBois → “traitor or lunatic”

    • Fraud stock for the Black Star Line ⇒ 5 years in prison

    • Coolidge pardoned him and deported him back to Jamaica

  • NAACP

    • Solution to social problems begins with education

    • From the Niagara Movement

    • Focused on legal actions to bring the 14th and 15th amendment back to life

  • Guinn v United States

    • Supreme Court struck down Oklahoma’s grandfather clause that was used to hinder voting

    • Buchanan v U.S. → court invalidated residential segregations in Louisville, Kentucky


Mass Culture

  • Consumerism

    • More money - more time - more adverts → enticed Middle/Upper class

    • Installment buying vs one-time cash

    • Consumption = new necessity for the dramatic increase in productivity

    • Indoor plumbing, washing machines, automobiles, flush toilets, handheld cameras, wristwatches, cigarette lighters, vacuum cleaners, linoleum floors, communication, and transportation

  • Movies

    • (1896) New York audience viewed the first moving picture show

    • By 1908 ⇒ 10,000 movies

    • By 1924 ⇒ 20,000 movie theatres showing 700 new films a year

    • Hollywood, California = international center

    • Cowboy Westerns and timeless comedies

    • Charlie Chaplin

    • More watches movies than sports

  • Radio

    • Station WWJ in Detroit began transmitting new bulletins from the Detroit Daily News

    • First commercial aired in New York in 1922

    • By end of 1922 ⇒ 508 stations and 3 million receivers

    • 1926 - NBC (sub of RCA), Columbia Broadcasting (CBS)

  • Federal Radio Comission (1927)

    • Established to regulate the industry

    • Becomes Federal Communications Commission (RCC)

    • Coolidge was the first president to address using this

    • FDR - fireside chats

  • Planes

    • Wilbur and Orville Wright

      • bicycle shop in Daytona, Ohio

      • Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (1903)

    • Kelley Act → airmail

    • Air Commerce Act of 1926 → federal funding for advancement in air transportation and navigation

  • Charles A. Lindbergh Jr

    • First to fly solo across Atlantic from New York → Paris, France (33.5 hours)

    • $25,000 and congressional medal of honor

    • Lindy Hop → invented by hoppers to honor him

  • Amelia Earhart

    • First female to fly solo

    • Failed flight around the world

    • Distinguished flying cross

  • Model T

    • Affordable car by Henry Ford

    • 1908 = $850 → 1924 = $290

    • One color = black

  • Moving Assembly line

    • Efficient

    • Everyone did one task as parts get moved on a conveyor

    • 93 min/car

  • Impact of cars

    • Live farther from workplaces

    • Economic boom in the 1920s

    • New jobs and giving other jobs

    • Road construction (national highways) gas stations

    • Traffic lights and billboards

    • Moter hotels (motels)

  • Baseball

    • National pass time in the 1920s

    • Baseball goes urban

    • Yankees (dominated baseball)

    • George Herman (Babe) Ruth Jr. and Henry Louis (Lou) Gehrig

    • Intense loyalty and huge crowds

    • Ruth ⇒ Sultan of Swat → 60 home runs in a season

    • Segregated sport with the Negro League as a separate group


The Modernist Revolt

  • Modernism 

    • Notion of reality and human nature were called to question by sophisticated scientific discoveries and radically new forms of artistic expression

    • Philosophical movement

    • Albert Einstein → theory of relativity, Nobel Peace Prize

    • Max Planck → electromagnetic emissions of energy

    • Werner Heisenberg → Quantum theory, “uncertainty principle”

    • Asserted art and artists above other elements of society

    • Impressionism, futurism, dadaism, and surrealism

  • Literature

    • Lost Generation

    • Hemingway’s ⇒ The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929)

    • Fitzgerald ⇒ This Side of Paradise (1920) and The Great Gatsby (1925)

    • Exposed the modern 20s with all its problems



Chapter 26

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