Chapter 32: Rebellion and Reaction: The 1960s and 1970s

The Roots of Rebellion

Youth revolts against Vietnam
The New Left → Tom Hayden and Al Haber ⇒ students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Port Huron Statement ⇒ political reform, racial equality, and worker’s rights
Free Speech Movement (FSM)
Selective Service System (1966) modified the provisions so that undergrads were eligible for the draft
Yippies (members of the new Youth International Party)
The counterculture movement where long hair on men, blue jeans, tie-dye shirts, sandals, drugs, etc (Hippies)
Woodstock Music and Art Fair → bunch of youths attended for music, drugs, and sex
Altamont Speedway was less successful and resulted in violence

Betty Friedan → The Feminine Mystique (1963)
Women were duped to be homemakers
National Organization for Women (NOW) → end discrimination in the workplace, legalized abortion, and federal funding for childcare centers
Title IX - colleges can’t discriminate based on gender
Roe v Wade → legalized abortion
Yale and Princeton → coeducation
Radicals → picketing the 1968 Miss America Pageant, burning playboy magazines, etc
Backlash from Catholics and Protestants

Hispanic → term for those who trace ancestry to Spanish-speaking Latin America or Spain
Latino → only traces to Latin America
Hispanic population growth
Equal wages to eliminate poverty

American Indians
Recognized by LBJ
2 Chippeqas (Ojibwas), George Mitchell and Dennis Banks founded the Ameican Indian Movement (AIM) to promote “Red Power”
Chaos at Wounded Knee, South Dakota

Nixon and Middle America

Grit and resilience
John Mitchell → attorney general
H.R. (Bob) Haldeman → advert executive
Henry Kissinger → National security advisor
South ⇒ didn’t like the civil rights movement, appealed to the silent majority, “southern strategy”, air conditioning = people move to the sun belt
Low taxes and unions, redneck culture, Charlie Daniels → (1974) the south’s gonna do it again
Racecard → Nixon with appoint those that undermine civil rights laws
“Law and Order”
Alexander v Holmes County Board of Education (1969) → quick end to segregation
Swann v Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) → buses must offer rides to all races
$30 billion for state government
18 years olds may vote - 26th amendment
Social security ↑
Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970)
Federal Election Campaign Act (1971)
Environmental ⇒ gas prices ↑
Endangered Species Preservation Act and the National Environmental Policy Act
(1 January 1970) Earth Day Celebration
Environmental Protection Agency (Pennsylvania)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Clean Air Act
Economic ⇒ Vietnam War expenses ↑
Stagflation
1) LBJ financed both Vietnam and the Great Society
2) U.S. companies face competition
3) dependence on cheap energy (automobiles)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Yom Kippur
OPEC refuses to export to Israel-supporting countries and raises prices by 400%
Baby boomers in the workforce and women
Nixon reduces federal spending ⇒ recession

Nixon and Vietnam

Nixon Triumphant

Watergate

Judge John J. Siccar
James W. McCord → committee to re-elect the president (CREEP)
Nixon’s transcript and tapes
Daniel Ellsberg → gave Pentagon papers to the
Bob Woodward, Carl Bernstein covered the story and the Woodward
L. Patrick Gray → Acting Director of the FBI resigns after confiscating incriminating documents
Saturday Night Massacre after Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Department Attorney General William Ruckelshaus resigns
U.S. v Richard Nixion
(9 August 1974) Nixon Resigns
Gerald Ford is President because Spiro Agnew resigned due to bribery
Ford pardons Nixon
War-Powers Act (1973) → President must inform congress 45 hours pre-deployment and withdraw troops after sixty days unless congress approves their stay
1966 Freedom of Information Act → prompt response on government files

An Unelected President

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