Chapter 22: Seizing an American Empire

 Chapter 22: Seizing an American Empire

  • American foreign policy in the 19th century

    • Isolationism

    • America didn’t involve in foreign affairs

  • Industrialism leading America away from isolationism: prominent political and business leaders argued that sustaining rapid industrialism required acquisition of foreign territories

  • What Americans needed more of

    • Natural resources

    • Naval bases

  • Protection for shipping: Naval force ⇒ requires bases


Toward the New Imperialism

  • European imperialism

    • Late 19th century major European Nations unleashed a new surge of imperialism in Africa and Asia

    • Seized territory

    • Established colonies

    • Economic exploitation

    • Racial superiority

    • Christian evangelism

    • Quest for new sources of raw materials

    • New opportunities for investment

  • Key expansionists

    • Senator Albert J. Beveridge of Indiana

    • Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts

    • Theodore Roosevelt

    • Alfred Thayer Mahan → naval captain

  • The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783

    • Book by Alfred Thayer Mahan

    • National greatness flowed from maritime power

  • Social Darwinism and expansionism

    • Claim that whites are racially superior

    • John Fiske → historian and lecturer on Darwinism

    • Josiah Strong → added religion to Social Darwinism

    • Out Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis 1885, civil liberty and “a pure spiritual Christianity”


Expansionism in the Pacific

  • Where to expand: Asia mainly, Hawaii, Canada really Alaska, Cuba, ect

  • Seward’s Folly

    • William H. Seward

    • Alaska from Russia ($7.2 million)

    • Critics called it folly because Alaska is an ice box, but it is a good bargain

  • Hawaii

    • ½ way between the Philippines and U.S.

    • American missionaries and sugar

  • Hawaiian-American trade agreement

    • Hawaii sugar can enter the U.S. duty-free

    • Hawaii can not lease land to any third power

    • Boom in sugar

  • Immigration to Hawaii

    • Chinese and Japanese

    • Worked in cane fields for cheap

    • Becomes mostly Asian because of disease

  • McKinley Tariff and Hawaii

    • Destroyed Hawaii’s duty-free sugar deal because other countries sugar also became duty-free

    • Growers get 2¢ subsidy per pound of sugar

    • Economic crisis for Hawaii

  • Liliuokalani

    • King’s sister who ascended the throne in Hawaii

    • Tried to eliminate the political power exercised by American Planters

  • Influence of American Planters: revolted and seized power in Hawaii

  • Annexation of Hawaii

    • Planters didn’t want annexation

    • 4 July 1894 → the Republic of Hawaii

    • William McKinley, “we need Hawaii” + Manifest Destiny

    • Summer of 1898 → Hawaii annexed by U.S.


War of 1898

  • America’s relationship with Cuba

    • America wanted Cuba to be free from Spain

    • American Sugar and Mining companies invested heavily in Cuba

    • America traded with Cuba more than Spain

  • William Randolph Hearst

    • New York Journal

    • Yellow Journalist

    • Took credit for U.S. declaring war against Spain

    • “How Do You Like The Journal’s War”

  • Joseph Pulitzer

    • New York World

    • Locked in competition against Hearst for readers

  • Yellow Journalism

    • Hearst and Pulitzer

    • Used sensationalism as well as their intentional efforts to manipulate public opinion

  • Cuban Revolution (Rebellion)

    • 1895

    • U.S. tried to avoid military intervention

    • (1897) Spain offered Cuban autonomy in exchange for ending the rebellions → Cubans say no

  • USS Maine

    • The USS Maine, docked at Havana harbor in Cuba, blew up

    • Yellow Journalists blame it on the Spanish

    • “Remember the Maine”

  • De Lôme letter

    • Stolen by a Cuban spy

    • Called KcKinley weak

    • De Lôme resigns due to embarrassment

  • Teller Amendment

    • 20 April congress declared Cuba independent

    • Adden on senate floor

    • Disclaimed any U.S. deigns on Cuban Territory

  • Commodore Dewey and the Philippines

    • Commander of a small fleet who fought the Spanish in the Philippines

    • Didn’t have ground troops and ended up watching from the bay til ground troops

  • Emilio Aguinaldo: leader of the Filipino nationalist movement declared Philippines independent on 12 June

  • Rough Riders

    • 1st volunteer calvary of U.S. for Cuban Campaign

    • Former Ivy League athletes, ex-convicts

  • The war in Cuba

    • Rough riders

    • Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt (Little Texas)

    • El Caney, San Juan Hill, and Kettle Hill

    • Armistice on 12 August

  • Terms of the peace treaty

    • U.S. gets Cuba and annex Puerto Rico and Manila

    • Pending on Phillippines

  • War of 1898

    • Spanish-American War

    • Splendid Little War

    • 60,000 dead → Spain

    • 5,462 of 274,000 and only 379 due to battle for U.S.

    • Malaria, typhoid, dysentery, or yellow fever

    • Hay called it a Splendid Little War

    • Boosted manifest destiny

  • Why keep the Philippines

    • Easily reach China

    • Missionaries

    • Useful base

  • Why imperialize

    • 1. National Glory

    • 2. Commerce

    • 3. Racial Superiority

    • 4. Evangelism

  • Anti-Imperialist arguments

    • Corrupt the American principal dating back to the Revolution

    • Hard to defend the Philippines if Japan attacked

    • Inconsistent to acquire Cuba and Philippines

  • Benevolent assimilation

    • McKinley said acquiring the Philippines would be benevolent assimilation

    • McKinley wanted control

  • Irony of the Philippine-American War

    • Started after a U.S. soldier killed a Filipino soldier in Manila

    • U.S. troops hurt civilians

    • U.S. tried to destroy Philippines’ independence

    • Guerrilla warfare

    • Capture of Aguinaldo

  • Americant Anti-Imperialist League

    • Cleveland, Harrison, Carnegie, Gompers, Charles Eliot (Harvard), David Starr Jordan (Stanford), and Jane Addams

    • Many opinions

    • Cleveland and Harrison → Draw U.S. troops from the Philippines

  • Philippine Government Act

    • Judge William Howard Taft → civil governor

    • Declare the Philippines as unorganized territory

  • Jones Act: (1917) U.S. said they will give the Philippines independence on a certain date

  • Tydings-McDuffie Act

    • (1934) offered independence 10 years later

    • Independence for the Philippines on 4 July 1946

  • Foraker Act: Established a government on Puerto Rico

  • Status of Cuba

    • America propping up a government in shambles

    • Protectorate of the U.S.

    • America would intervene militaristically if Cuba didn’t satisfy the U.S.

    • Rebel leaders in the government military

  • Dr. Walter Reed

    • Head of the Army Yellow Fever Commission

    • Proves mosquitoes carried yellow fever

  • Platt Amendment

    • Cuba can’t sign treaties with a 3rd country

    • U.S. can intervene when they see fit

    • Had to sell or lease land for coaling or naval bases → Guantanomo Bay


Imperial Rivalries in East Asia

  • China

    • Defeated by Japanese

    • Exploited by Europe

  • Open door policy

    • China keep trade opened to all countries with equal basis

    • 1. Refrain from interfering with treaty ports, 2. China could collect tariffs, 3. No favors


Big Stick Diplomacy

  • Theodore Roosevelt

    • Harvard

    • Sickly and scrawny with poor eyesight

    • Young and feisty

    • New York legislature

    • Wife and mother died 11 hours apart

    • Loves war

    • Cuba

    • Mr. Imperialism, Man of the Year (1898)

    • Vice President for McKinley and President after McKinley is assassinated

    • Activist President

  • Leon Czolgosz: shot McKinley at point blank

  • Big stick Diplomacy: “speak softly and carry a big stick”

  • Bidlack Treaty: with Columbia said Columbia had sovereignty over Panama and the neutrality isthmus

  • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

    • British won’t acquire more Central America territory

    • U.S. agrees to build canal with mutual consent

  • John Hay

    • Secretary of State

    • Negotiated peace treaties with Britain and Columbia

  • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: consent from Britain to build canal 

  • Hay-Herrán Treaty: U.S. wants to buy land for canal from Columbia at $10 million with $250,000 rent per year, but Columbia says no and wants $25 million

  • Panamanian Revolt: Philippe Bunau-Varilla assisted Panama’s revolt by getting U.S. troops involved

  • Canal Zone: 10 miles wide zone for the canal with $10 million and $250,000 rent a year

  • Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine): the principle that prohibited U.S. intervention in Europe

  • Russo-Japanese War

    • Russia and Japan over China and Korea

    • Both exist Manchuria

  • Taft-Katsura Agreement: U.S. excepts Japan control over and Japan won’t interfere with Philippines

  • Root-Takahira Agreement

    • Reinforced the open door policy on China

    • Secretory of State Elihu Root

  • Gentlemen's Agreement: halted influx of Japanese immigrants and brought respite to racial agitation in California

  • Great White Fleet: Teddy Roosevelt toured the world with the entire U.S. Navy



Chapter 23


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