Chapter 13: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform

 Chapter 13: Religion, Romanticism, and Reform

Rational Religion

  • Providence: the concept of America’s strong religious fever to fulfill a providential purpose

  • Deists

    • Believed people might grasp the natural laws governing the universe

    • Rejected Biblical infallicy

    • Skeptical of miracles and Jesus’ divinity

    • Defended free speech

    • Opposed religious coercion

  • Unitarianism

    • A belief that emphasizes the oneness and benevolence of a loving God, the inherent goodness of mankind, and the primacy of reason and conscience over religious creeds and organized churches

    • Jesus was saintly but not divine

    • People are not inherently depraved

    • People are capable of doing tremendous good

    • All are eligible for salvation

  • Universalism: salvation of all people not just a predestined few


The Second Great Awakening

  • Second Great Awakening (1800)

    • Fear of secularism was taking root among well-educated Americans sparked a counterattack in the form of series of revivals

    • Timothy Dwight - President of Yale (1795)

    • Salvation is available not just to a select few but to anyone who repents and embraces Christ

  • Frontier Revivals: evangelists found ready audiences among lonely frontier folks hungry for spiritual intensity and a sense of community

  • Circuit Rider

    • Methodist Church

    • Francis Asbury - scoured the trans-Appalachian frontier for lost souls (through 15 states and preaching thousands of sermons)

    • Peter Cartwright

      • Most successful

      • Salvation is free for all to embrace

  • AME

    • African Methodist Episcopal Church

    • Richard Allen

  • Camp Meetings

    • Held in late summer to fall

    • People would come camping in wagons, tents, or crude shacks

  • Women and Revivals

    • Large revivals provided women opportunities for women to exercise leadership roles

    • Phoebe Worrall Palmer- hosted revival meetings in her New York City home and traveled to camp meetings

  • Burned-over district

    • Revival fevers were compared to forest devastated by fires

    • Western New York was labeled the burned-over district

  • Charles Gradison Finney:

    • Winter of 1830-1831

    • Preached 3 evenings a week and 3 times on Sunday & generated thousands of converts

    • Attracted more affluent seekers

    • “Declared the conversion aimed the highest class of society”

    • Only person preventing conversion is the individual

    • Freewill

    • Converts are free of sin, but must help improve the larger society

  • Democratization of salvation

    • Evangelists wanted to democratize the process of salvation

    • Make it popular

  • Lyman Beecher

    • Towering champion of revivalism

    • Stressed the second Great Awakening was not simply on promoting individual conversions, but to “reform human society”

  • Mormons

    • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

    • Joseph Smith

  • Nauvoo

    • Commerce, Illinois

    • Means beautiful land in Hebrew

    • Smith’s lust for power grew

  • Plural marriage

    • Smith encouraged his congregation to practice this

    • He gained 24 wives

    • Polygamy 

  • Bringham Young

    • Successor of Smith

    • Lead the mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah called deseret = “land of the honeybees


Romanticism in America

  • Romanticism

    • Movement of thought, literature, and the arts

    • Individualism, idealizing the virtues of common man, etc

  • Transcendentalism

    • The emphasis on those things that transcends (rise above) the limits of reason

    • “Truest piety”

    • Foster harmony with nature

  • Ralph Waldo Emerson

    • Speaker on the lecture circuit in regards to nature

    • Transcendentalist 

    • Speech “The American Scholar”

    • Essay “Self Reliance” (1841)

  • Henry David Thoreau

    • Practiced self reliance

    • Opposed slavery

    • Walden Pond

    • Essay “Civil Disobedience”


Education

  • Horace Mann

    • Massachusetts

    • Lawyer

    • Supported “normal school” for training teachers

    • Sponsored the state board of education

  • Public Schools

    • Free schools to give children an equal chance to pursue the American dream

    • (1821) Boston English High School - first public secondary school


The Reform Impulse

  • Temperance

    • Most widespread reform movement

    • T for total abstinence 

    • American Temperance Union

    • Liquor = evil = should be prohibited

  • Prison and asylum reform

    • Asylums dedicated to treat the socially ill

    • Auburn Penitentiary (New York 1816) allowed prisoners to work

  • Dorthea Lynde Dix: heightened the public’s awareness of the mentally ill

  • Cult of domesticity: idealized a woman’s moral role in civilizing husband and family

  • Lucretia Mott: Philadelphia Quaker

  • Elizabeth Cady stanton: New York grad of Troy Female Seminary

  • Seneca Falls Convention

    • Discussed the social, civil, and religious conditions and rights of woman

    • 19 July 1848

  • Declaration of Sentiments: “all men and women are created equal”

  • Susan B. Anthony

    • Temperance group, anti-slavery groups, and woman’s rights

    • Unmarried

  • Utopian communities: quest for utopia

  • Shakers

    • United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing

    • Ann Lee (Mother Ann Lee) was God’s female element

    • “Ritual dance”

    • God has dual personality

    • Celibacy

  • Oneida

    • John Humphrey Noyes

    • “Complex marriage” = everyone is married to everyone

    • New York community

  • Brook Farm

    • Massachusetts

    • George Ripley

    • Transcendental movements

    • America’s 1st secular utopian community

    • Human bondage = great evil


Anti-Slavery Moverments

  • American Colonization Society: to return freed slaves to Africa → free and independent Republic of Liberia

  • Abolition: the idea of getting rid of slavery

  • Manumission: gradual end to slavery by prohibiting it in the new western territories and encouraging owners to free their slaves

  • William Lloyd Garrison

    • Newspaper: the liberator

    • Anti-slavery

  • American Anti-slavery society

    • Trappans, Garrison, Quakers, black activists, and evangelicals built this

    • “Slavery is a heinous crime”

  • David Walker

    • Freed blacks

    • Walker’s appeal

  • Grimké sisters

    • Sarah and Angelina

    • Quakers

    • Women can speak

  • Liberty party

    • ⅓ of American anti-slavery society

    • Wanted to vote a president who would abolish slavery

  • Frederick Douglass

    • Fled enslavement in Maryland

    • “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

  • Underground Railroad: a vast system of secret routes and safe stopping places to help runaway slaves reach Canada

  • Harriet Tubman

    • 19 trips on the underground railroad and 300+ slaves helped

    • Most celebrated

  • Sojourner Truth

    • Isabella “Bell” Hardenbergh

    • New York

    • Travelled up and down preaching against the sin of slavery

    • 13 kids

  • Elijah P. Lovejoy

    • Killed by Illinois mob

    • Anti-slavery

    • Newspaper editor

    • Chased out multiple times

    • Shotgun blast killed him

  • John Brown: decided that only violence would dislodge the sin

  • Gag rule

    • house adopted a rule to lay abolition petitions automatically on the table in order to ignore them

    • Repealed in 1844


Timeline:

  • 1795: Timothy Dwight is president of Yale

  • 1800: Second Great Awakening

  • 1821: Boston English High School

  • 1841: “Self Reliance”

  • 1848: Seneca Falls Convention



Chapter 14

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