Chapter 10: Nationalism and Sectionalism

 Chapter 10: Nationalism and Sectionalism

Economic Nationalism

  • Shortages of farm supplies in Europe raised US exports prices in agriculture and sparked agricultural expansion

  • Absence of a central National bank created instability and chaos

  • Second Bank of the United States (Philadelphia)

  • John C. Calhoun (South Carolina), Henry Clay (Kentucky), Daniel Webster (New Hampshire): era’s greatest statesmen

  • Tariff of 1816: intended to protect industries against foreign competition

  • Internal improvements = roads and canals

  • Cumberland road: 1st federally financed interstate roadway

  • Henry Clay (Kentucky): 

    • “American System” → high tariffs, higher prices of federal land, and a strong National Bank

    • Born and raised in Virginia

    • Lawyer

    • Brawling temper (got in duels)


An Era of Good Feelings

  • James Monroe

    • Republican

    • 1816 election

    • Virginia

    • 2 terms (1816 and 1820 elections)

  • Rush Bagot Agreement of 1817

    • Acting Secretary Richard Rush (US) and Minister Charles Charles Bagot (UK)

    • Limited US forces on the great lakes

  • Convention of 1818: 49th parallel border between US and Canada

  • Oregon Country: joint occupation by the British and the US

  • Drama between Britain and the West Indies

  • Navigation Act of 1817: imports from West Indies have to be US vessels

  • 1818: US ports close to British ships coming from US closed ports

  • 1820: Monroe approved total nonintercourse act

  • Chaos with Florida: US vs Spain + Seminole Indians

  • Andrew Jackson disobeys orders

  • John Quincy Adams: (1819) Adams-Onís Treaty → marked the western limits to the Louisiana Purchase (Sabine River, Arkansas River, Red River, and the 42nd parallel) [Transcontinental Treaty]

  • Florida becomes US territory; statehood is met in 1845


Crisis and Compromises

  • Panic of 1819: lack of money because cotton prices drop due to British alternatives

  • Bank issue more money to be printed to hold up to the demand of loans

  • Langdon Cheves (South Carolina)

    • New president of the BUS

    • Saves it from disaster

  • Slavery spreads due to new lands being settled by slave owners

  • Missouri Territory: applying for statehood

  • James Tallmadge: wanted to prohibit the transport of more slaves into Missouri

  • Missouri Compromise: prevented slaves past latitude 36°30’

  • 2nd Missouri Compromise: Missouri legislator in charge of admitting free blacks as citizens

  • 10 August 1821: Missouri becomes 24th state


Judicial Nationalism

  • John Marshall

    • Chief Justice

    • Hoped to keep Hamilton’s Federalism alive

  • Dartmouth College v Woodward (New Hampshire): college’s trustees became a self-perpetuating board

  • McCullock v Maryland

    • James McCulloch failed to affix state revenue stamps to banknotes (paper money)

    • State can’t tax the BUS

  • Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

    • established the feral government’s supremacy in regulating interstate commerce

    • Aaron Ogden and Thomas Gibbons


Nationalist Diplomacy

  • Russia: 1824 Treaty said that the 54°40’ line was the farthest they could go

  • Monroe Doctrine

    • American continent could no longer have new Euro colonization

    • Political systems were different (US vs Euro) and colonization = threat to US

    • US would not interfere with existing Euro colonies

    • US will keep out of Europ affairs and wars


One Party Politics

  • 4 men: John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Jackson

  • Crawford: devotion to state rights and strict construction of the constitution

  • Clay: economic nationalism (National Bank and Tariffs)

  • Adams: National Banks no tariffs

  • Jackson: Hero of Battle of New Orleans and War of 1812

  • Corrupt Bargain: clay voted Adams because he knew Adams would name him secretary of state

  • John Quincy Adams: intelligent but ineffective

  • Adams and Clay: Democratic-Republicans → Democrats

  • John C. Calhoun: wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)

  • 1828: Andrew Jackson win election


Timeline:

  • 1816: election year

  • 1817: 

    • Rush Bagot Agreement

    • Navigation Act of 1817

  • 1818

    • Convention of 1818

    • British ships banned from docking at US ports from US banned ports

  • 1819: 

    • Adams-Onís Treaty [Transcontinental Treaty]

    • Panic of 1819

  • 1820: 

    • election year

    • Nonintercourse act

  • 1821: Missouri

  • 1824: 

    • Gibbons v Ogden

    • Treaty with Russia

  • 1828: 

    • South Carolina Exposition and Protest

    • Andrew Jackson

  • 1845: Florida



Chapter 11

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